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Robert K. Merton

For other people named Robert Merton, see Robert Merton (disambiguation).

Robert K. Merton
Born
Meyer Robert Schkolnick

(1910-07-04)July 4, 1910
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedFebruary 23, 2003(2003-02-23) (aged 92)
New York City, U.S.
Alma mater
Known for
Spouses
Children
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsSociology
Doctoral advisorPitirim Sorokin
Other academic advisorsTalcott Parsons, Lawrence Joseph Henderson, George Sarton
Doctoral students
Other notable students

Robert King Merton (born Meyer Robert Schkolnick; July 4, 1910 – February 23, 2003) was an American sociologist who is considered a founding father of modern sociology, and a major contributor to the subfield of criminology. He served as the 47th president of the American Sociological Association.[1] He spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University, where he attained the rank of University Professor. In 1994 he was awarded the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the field and for having founded the sociology of science.[2][i]

Merton's contribution to sociology falls into three areas: (1) sociology of science; (2) sociology of crime and deviance; (3) sociological theory. He developed notable concepts, such as "unintended consequences", the "reference group", and "role strain", but is perhaps best known for the terms "role model" and "self-fulfilling prophecy".[3] The concept of self-fulfilling prophecy, which is a central element in modern sociological, political, and economic theory, is one type of process through which a belief or expectation affects the outcome of a situation or the way a person or group will behave.[4][5] More specifically, as Merton defined, "the self-fulfilling prophecy is, in the beginning, a false definition of the situation evoking a new behavior, which makes the originally false conception come true".[6]

Merton's concept of the "role model" first appeared in a study on the socialization of medical students at Columbia University. The term grew from his theory of the reference group, the group to which individuals compare themselves but to which they do not necessarily belong. Social roles were central to Merton's theory of social groups. Merton emphasized that, rather than a person assuming just one role and one status, they have a status set in the social structure that has, attached to it, a whole set of expected behaviors.[7]

  1. ^ "Robert K. Merton". American Sociological Association. June 8, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Columbia News was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Biggs, Michael (2009). "Self-fulfilling prophecies". In Hedström, Peter; Bearman, Peter (eds.). The Oxford handbook of analytical sociology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921536-2.
  5. ^ Hedström, Peter; Swedberg, Richard (1998). Social mechanisms : an analytical approach to social theory (Repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59687-9. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  6. ^ Merton, Robert K. (1948), "The Self Fulfilling Prophecy", Antioch Review, 8 (2): 193–210, doi:10.2307/4609267, ISSN 0003-5769, JSTOR 4609267
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Holton was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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